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is a New Testament passage from the pastoral epistle by that name, authored by the Apostle Paul. It is familiarly quoted using the King James Version translation: ''"But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence"''.〔See also.〕 The verse is widely used to oppose women from being trained and ordained as clergy, and from women holding certain other positions of ministry and leadership in large segments of Christianity. Those segments include the Southern Baptist Convention, Roman Catholics, and other particularly conservative evangelical Protestants. Though universally applied among Roman Catholics, application of the "teach/usurp authority over the man" passage varies among Protestant denominations and by individual churches within those denominations. Most conservative evangelical churches are complementarian in theology and practices. Some deny women a vote in church affairs since they would be participating in making decisions applicable to the men of the church. They also often deny women the right to serve as teachers of co-ed adult Bible classes or as missionaries, generally disenfranchising them from the duties and privileges of church leadership.〔Kroeger, Richard C. and Catherine C. "I Suffer Not a Woman". Baker Book House, 1992. ISBN 0-8010-5250-5〕〔Keener, Craig. "Paul, Women, and Wives". Hendrickson, 1992, p.101. ISBN 978-0-943575-96-4〕 1 Timothy 2:12 is a key passage for Protestants in the debate. Some groups not allowing women to become pastors also cite . Christian egalitarians maintain that there should be no institutional distinctions between men and women. Complementarians argue that Paul's instructions contained in 1 Timothy 2:12 should be accepted as normative in the church today. This latter position denies women equal ministry opportunities, irrespective of their sense of calling from God. The United Methodist Church was at the forefront of the ordination of women as pastors. In 1956, the General Conference of the Methodist Church approved full clergy rights for women. In the past two decades, most Protestant denominations and their seminaries have begun accepting women pastors. By sharp contrast, the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) which is the largest Protestant denomination expressly excludes women from serving as pastors in their 2000 ''Baptist Faith and Message'' (''BF&M'') policy document. Though the SBC considers each of its local churches to be autonomous up to a point, almost all SBC churches comply with the provisions of the ''BF&M''. The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS), also denies women from becoming pastors. == Authorship == The traditional view is that the "I suffer not a woman…" words are Paul's own words. However, some modern scholars believe on the basis of content, vocabulary, and literary style that 1 Timothy, as well as between two and five other Pauline letters (see Authorship of the Pauline epistles), were not written by Paul but are pseudepigraphical.〔Martin, Dale. (''Introduction to New Testament'' ) lecture series (lectures 17, 19, 24). 2010. Yale University.〕 Borg and other contend that this verse fits poorly with Paul's more positive references to Christian women and may be a later interpolation rather than part of the original text.〔Borg, Marcus J. and John Dominic Crossan. The First Paul. HarperOne. 2009. ISBN 978-0-06-180340-6〕 Still others, including scholars/theologians Richard and Catherine Kroeger, believe Paul did write the epistle of 1 Timothy. They present a case for interpreting 1 Timothy 2:12 as a refutation of false teaching, rather than as a narrow restriction on women's role. Their research leads them to conclude that Paul was addressing a particular problem localized in the Church at Ephesus where Timothy was pastor of the multicultural congregation. A primary example of this paradigm permeates the book they co-authored, ''I Suffer Not a Woman: Rethinking 1 Timothy 2:11-15 in Light of Ancient Evidence.'' The book presents the Kroegers' well-documented research which sheds new perspectives to this difficult biblical text. They present considerable evidence concerning newly discovered issues and problems Paul was addressing. They argue that the verse must be interpreted in light of careful exegesis of Greek word usage, the Greco-Roman customs and laws of the day, and the outside influences on the Christian churches of the 1st Century. While holding firm to a literal approach to 1 Timothy 2:11-15, the Kroegers' research argues from the background of changes in the Greek language since the 1st century, Roman empire customs at the time the Apostle Paul wrote 1 Timothy, and the problems that the church in Ephesus was facing with pagan religions. The Kroegers' maintain that gnosticism was taking hold of the Christians at Ephesus, and the women, being given less-to-no education in those days, were more prone to be misled by gnostic beliefs. Those authors present the case that those women with gnostic influence were trying to pass on those erroneous beliefs to others in the Church at Ephesus. Hence, their conclusion is that 1 Timothy 2:12 is a time-and-place refutation of false teaching, not a universal Christian principle for all time. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「1 Timothy 2:12」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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